[AstroNet] Moon landing anniversary and response to "moon hoax"
Kevin Govender
kg at saao.ac.za
Mon Jul 20 09:31:31 SAST 2009
Greetings all
Today is the 40th anniversary of humans touching down on the moon
(http://www.astronomy2009.org/news/updates/374/).
Many of you would have heard about the so called "moon hoax" i.e. the
idea that the whole moon landing was staged and that we actually never
landed on the moon. Please advise anyone you hear this from to take some
time to learn about why this is not true! The following notes are a nice
summary of how it all started and why hoax claims are so ridiculous
(from http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html).
Please use this opportunity as a good excuse to engage with these people
and an excellent way to teach them some science in the process.
Regards
Kevin
0824878466
Fox TV and the Apollo Moon Hoax
(February 13, 2001)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
On Thursday, February 15th 2001 (and replayed on March 19), the Fox TV
network aired a program called ``Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the
Moon?'', hosted by X-Files actor Mitch Pileggi. The program was an hour
long, and featured interviews with a series of people who believe that
NASA faked the Apollo Moon landings in the 1960s and 1970s. The biggest
voice in this is Bill Kaysing, who claims to have all sorts of hoax
evidence, including pictures taken by the astronauts, engineering
details, discussions of physics and even some testimony by astronauts
themselves. The program's conclusion was that the whole thing was faked
in the Nevada desert (in Area 51, of course!). According to them, NASA
did not have the technical capability of going to the Moon, but pressure
due to the Cold War with the Soviet Union forced them to fake it.
Sound ridiculous? Of course it does! It /is/. So let me get this
straight right from the start: this program is an hour long piece of junk.
From the /very first moment/ to the very last, the program is loaded
with bad thinking, ridiculous suppositions and utterly wrong science. I
was able to get a copy of the show in advance, and although I was
expecting it to be bad, I was still surprised and how awful it was. I
took /four pages/ of notes. I won't subject you to all of that here; it
would take hours to write. I'll only go over some of the major points of
the show, and explain briefly why they are wrong. In the near future,
hopefully by the end of the summer, I will have a much more detailed
series of pages taking on each of the points made by the Hoax Believers
(whom I will call HBs).
So let's take a look at the ``evidence'' brought out by the show. To
make this easier, below is a table with links to the specific arguments.
Disclaimer
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#disclaimer> 20%
believe in the hoax?
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#poll> The Capricorn
1 tie-in <http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#capricorn1>
No stars in pictures
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#stars> No blast
crater <http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#crater> Dust
around the lander <http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#dust>
Deep, dark shadows
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#shadow> Non-parallel
shadows <http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#parallel>
Identical backgrounds
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#backgrounds>
More identical backgrounds
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#backgrounds2> Lander
unable to balance itself
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#gyro> No flames from
lunar launch <http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#flame>
Astronauts footage shot in slow-motion
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#doubletime> The
waving flag <http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#flag>
Why was every picture perfect?
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#perfectpix>
Missing crosshairs in photos
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#crosshairs> The
deadly radiation of space
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#radiation> Did NASA
murder its astronauts?
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#murder>
CONCLUSION
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#conclusion> LINKS
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#links> FALLOUT
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html#fallout>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* Right at the beginning, they have a disclaimer:
The following program deals with a controversial subject. The
theories expressed are not the only possible explanation. Viewers
are invited to make a judgment based on all available information.
*Good:* The last thing the writers of this program want the viewers to
do is make an informed decision. If they did, they would have given
equal time to both sides of this controversy. Instead, the vast majority
of the time is given to the HBs, with only scattered (and very vague)
dismissive statements by skeptics. So the available information is
really only what they tell you. Of course, there are a lot of websites
talking about this. I have a list of them on my own site
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/apollohoax.html>.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The show claims that 20% of Americans have doubts that we went to
the Moon.
*Good:* That number is a bit misleading. A 1999 Gallup poll
<http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=1993&pg=1> showed it was more
like 6%, a number which agrees with a poll taken in 1995 by Time/CNN.
The Gallup website /[note added Feb. 19, 2007: The Gallup site has been
rearranged, and though I can no longer find this quotation, it still
jibes with what is on the site now]/ also says:
Although, if taken literally, 6% translates into millions of
individuals, it is not unusual to find about that many people in the
typical poll agreeing with almost any question that is asked of them
-- so the best interpretation is that this particular conspiracy
theory is not widespread.
It also depends on what you mean by ``doubts''. Does that mean someone
who truly doesn't believe man ever went to the Moon, or just that it's
remotely possible that NASA faked it? Those are very different things.
Not only does the program not say, but they don't say where they found
the statistic they quote either.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The program talks about the movie ``Capricorn 1'', an
entertaining if ultimately silly movie about how NASA must fake a manned
Mars expedition. The program says ``The Apollo footage [from the surface
of the Moon] is strikingly similar to the scenes in ``Capricorn 1''.
*Good:* Is it just an amazing coincidence that the actual Moon images
look like the movie, or is it evidence of conspiracy? /Neither/! The
movie was filmed in *1978*, many years after the last man walked on the
Moon. The movie was /made/ to look like the real thing! This statement
by the program is particularly ludicrous, and indicates just how far the
producers were willing to go to make a sensational program.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The first bit of actual evidence brought up is the lack of stars
in the pictures taken by the Apollo astronauts from the surface of the
Moon. Without air, the sky is black, so where are the stars?
*Good:* The stars are there! They're just too faint to be seen.
This is usually the first thing HBs talk about when discussing the Hoax.
That amazes me, as it's the silliest assertion they make. However, it
appeals to our common sense: when the sky is black here on Earth, we see
stars. Therefore we should see them from the Moon as well.
I'll say this here now, and return to it many times: the Moon is not the
Earth. Conditions there are weird, and our common sense is likely to
fail us.
The Moon's surface is airless. On Earth, our thick atmosphere scatters
sunlight, spreading it out over the whole sky. That's why the sky is
bright during the day. Without sunlight, the air is dark at night,
allowing us to see stars.
On the Moon, the lack of air means that the sky is dark. Even when the
Sun is high off the horizon during full day, the sky near it will be
black. If you were standing on the Moon, you would indeed see stars,
even during the day.
So why aren't they in the Apollo pictures? Pretend for a moment you are
an astronaut on the surface of the Moon. You want to take a picture of
your fellow space traveler. The Sun is low off the horizon, since all
the lunar landings were done at local morning. How do you set your
camera? The lunar landscape is brightly lit by the Sun, of course, and
your friend is wearing a white spacesuit also brilliantly lit by the
Sun. To take a picture of a bright object with a bright background, you
need to set the exposure time to be fast, and close down the aperture
setting too; that's like the pupil in your eye constricting to let less
light in when you walk outside on a sunny day.
So the picture you take is set for bright objects. Stars are /faint/
objects! In the fast exposure, they simply do not have time to register
on the film. It has nothing to do with the sky being black or the lack
of air, it's just a matter of exposure time. If you were to go outside
here on Earth on the darkest night imaginable and take a picture /with
the exact same camera settings the astronauts used/, you won't see any
stars!
It's that simple. Remember, this the usually the first and strongest
argument the HBs use, and it was that easy to show wrong. Their
arguments get worse from here.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* In the pictures taken of the lunar lander by the astronauts, the
TV show continues, there is no blast crater. A rocket capable of landing
on the Moon should have burned out a huge crater on the surface, yet
there is nothing there.
*Good:* When someone driving a car pulls into a parking spot, do they do
it at 100 kilometers per hour? Of course not. They slow down first,
easing off the accelerator. The astronauts did the same thing. Sure, the
rocket on the lander was capable of 10,000 pounds of thrust, but /they
had a throttle/. They fired the rocket hard to deorbit and slow enough
to land on the Moon, but they didn't need to thrust that hard as they
approached the lunar surface; they throttled down to about 3000 pounds
of thrust.
Now here comes a little bit of math: the engine nozzle was about 54
inches across (from the Encyclopaedia Astronautica
<http://www.friends-partners.org/mwade/craft/lmdlsion.htm>), which means
it had an area of 2300 square inches. That in turn means that the thrust
generated a pressure of only about 1.5 pounds per square inch! That's
not a lot of pressure. Moreover, in a vacuum, the exhaust from a rocket
spreads out very rapidly. On Earth, the air in our atmosphere constrains
the thrust of a rocket into a narrow column, which is why you get long
flames and columns of smoke from the back of a rocket. In a vacuum, no
air means the exhaust spreads out even more, lowering the pressure.
That's why there's no blast crater! Three thousand pounds of thrust
sounds like a lot, but it was so spread out it was actually rather gentle.
[Note added December 6, 2001: Originally in this section I said that the
engines also cut off early, before the moment of touchdown, to prevent
dust from getting blown around and disturbing the astronauts' view of
the surface. This was an incorrect assertion; it was known that dust
would blow around before the missions were launched, and steps were
taken to make sure the astronauts knew their height above the surface.
Anyway, the incorrect section has been removed.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The next argument presented on the show deals with the lunar
dust. As the lander descended, we clearly see dust getting blown away by
the rocket. The exhaust should have blown all the dust away, yet we can
clearly see the astronauts' footprints in the dust mere meters from the
lander. Obviously, when NASA faked this they messed it up.
*Good:* Once again, the weird alien environment of the Moon comes to
play. Imagine taking a bag of flour and dumping it onto your kitchen
floor (kids: ask your folks first!). Now bend over the pile, take a deep
breath, and blow into it as hard as you can. Poof! Flour goes
everywhere. Why? Because the momentum of your breath goes into the
flour, which makes it move. But note that the flour goes up, and
sideways, and aloft into the air. If you blow hard enough, you might see
little curlicues of air lifting the flour farther than your breath alone
could have, and doing so to dust well outside of where your breath
actually blew.
That's the heart of this problem. We are used to air helping us blow
things around. The air itself is displaced by your breath, which pushed
on more air, and so on. On the Earth, your breath might blow flour that
was dozens of centimeters away, even though your actual breath didn't
reach that far. On the Moon, there is no air. The only dust that gets
blown around by the exhaust of the rocket (which, remember, isn't nearly
as strong as the HBs claim) is the dust /physically touched by the
exhaust/, or dust hit by other bits of flying dust. In the end, only the
dust directly under or a bit around the rocket was blown out by the
exhaust. The rest was left where it was. Ironically, the dust around the
landing site was probably a bit /thicker/ than before, since the dust
blown out would have piled up there.
I can't resist: another Hoax Believer argument bites the dust.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The next evidence also involves pictures. In all the pictures
taken by the astronauts, the shadows are not black. Objects in shadow
can be seen, sometimes fairly clearly, including a plaque on the side of
the lander that can be read easily. If the Sun is the only source of
light on the Moon, the HBs say, and there is no air to scatter that
light, shadows should be utterly black.
*Good:* This is one of my favorite HB claims. They give you the answer
in the claim itself: "...if the Sun is the only source of light..." /It
isn't/. Initially, I thought the Earth was bright enough to fill in the
shadows, but subsequently realized that cannot be the case. The Earth is
a fraction of the brightness of the Sun, not nearly enough to fill in
the shadows. So then what /is/ that other light source?
The answer is: The Moon itself. Surprise! The lunar dust has a peculiar
property: it tends to reflect light back in the direction from where it
came. So if you were to stand on the Moon and shine a flashlight at the
surface, you would see a very bright spot where the light hits the
ground, but, oddly, someone standing a bit to the side would hardly see
it at all. The light is preferentially reflected back toward the
flashlight (and therefore you), and not the person on the side.
Now think about the sunlight. Let's say the sun is off to the right in a
picture. It is illuminating the right side of the lander, and the left
is in shadow. However, the sunlight falling beyond the lander on the
left is being reflected back toward the Sun. That light hits the surface
and reflects to the right and up, /directly onto the shadowed part of
the lander/. In other words, the lunar surface is so bright that it
easily lights up the shadows of vertical surfaces.
This effect is called heiligenschein (the German word for halo). You can
find some neat images of it at here, for example
<http://www.weather-photography.com/Photos/gallery.php?cat=optics&subcat=heiligenschein>.
This also explains another HB claim, that many times the astronauts
appear to be standing in a spotlight. This is a natural effect of
heiligenschein. You can reproduce this effect yourself; wet grass on a
cool morning will do it. Face away from the Sun and look at the shadow
of your head. There will be a halo around it. The effect is also very
strong in fine, disturbed dust like that in a baseball diamond infield.
Or, of course, on the Moon.
[*Note added June 29, 2001*: A nifty demonstration of the shadow filling
was done by Ian Goddard and can be found here
<http://www.iangoddard.net/moon01.htm>. His demos are great, and really
drive the point home.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* Another argument by the HBs deals with shadows. Several photos
from the Moon are shown where objects on the lunar landscape have long
shadows. If the Sun were the only light source, the program claims, the
shadows should be parallel. The shadows are not parallel, and therefore
the images are fake.
*Good:* This is an interesting claim on the part of the HBs, because on
the surface (haha) it seems to make sense. However, let's assume the
shadows are not parallel. One explanation is that there are (at least)
two light sources, and that is certainly what many HBs are trying to
imply. So if there are multiple light sources, /where are the multiple
shadows/? Each object casts one shadow, so there can only be one light
source.
Another explanation is that the light source is close to the objects;
then it would also cast non-parallel shadows. However, a distant source
can as well! In this case, the Sun really is the only source of light.
The shadows are not parallel in the images because of perspective.
Remember, you are looking at a three-dimensional scene, projected on a
two-dimensional photograph. That causes distortions. When the Sun is low
and shadows are long, objects at different distance do indeed appear to
cast non-parallel shadows, even here on Earth. An example of that can be
found at another debunking site
<http://www.apollo-hoax.me.uk/strangeshadows.html>. The scene (near the
bottom of the above-linked page) shows objects with non-parallel
shadows, distorted by perspective. If seen from above, all the shadows
in the Apollo images would indeed look parallel. You can experience this
for yourself; go outside on a clear day when the Sun is low in the sky
and compare the direction of the shadows of near and far objects. You'll
see that they appear to diverge. Here is a major claim of the HBs that
you can disprove all by yourself! Don't take my word for it, go out and
try!
Incidentally, the bright Earth in the sky will also cast shadows, but
those would be very faint compared to the ones made by the Sun. So in a
sense there are multiple shadows, but like not being able to see stars,
the shadows are too faint to be seen against the very bright lunar
surface. Again, you can test this yourself: go outside during full Moon
and you'll see your shadow. Then walk over to a streetlamp. The light
from the streetlamp will wash out the shadow cast by the Moon. You might
still be able to see it faintly, but it would difficult against the much
brighter landscape.
[*Note added June 29, 2001*: Again, check out Ian Goddard's work
<http://www.iangoddard.net/moon01.htm> for more about this.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The program has two segments dealing with what they call
``identical backgrounds''. In one, they show the lunar lander with a
mountain in the background. They then show another picture of the same
mountain, but no lander in the foreground at all. The astronauts could
not have taken either picture before landing, of course, and after it
lifts off the lander leaves the bottom section behind. Therefore, there
would have been /something/ in the second image no matter what, and the
foreground could not be empty. Obviously, the mountain background is a
fake set, and was reused by NASA for another shot.
*Good:* Actually, the pictures are real, of course. As always, repeat
after me: the Moon is not the Earth. On the Earth, distant objects are
obscured a bit by haze in the air, and we use that to mentally gauge
distances. However, with no air, an object can be very far away on the
Moon and still be crisp and sharp to the eye. You can't tell if a
boulder is a meter across and 100 meters away, or 100 meters across and
10 kilometers away!
That's what's going on here. The lander is close to the astronaut in the
first picture, perhaps a 20 or 30 meters away. The mountain is
kilometers away. For the second picture, the astronaut merely moved a
few hundred meters to the side. The lander was then out of the picture,
but the mountain hardly moved at all! If you look at the scene
carefully, you'll see that all the rocks and craters in the foreground
changes between the two pictures, just as you'd expect if the astronaut
had moved to the side a ways between the two shots. It's not fraud, it's
parallax <http://www.badastronomy.com/bitesize/parallax.html>!
Another example of the difficulty in estimating distance is due to the
shapes of the rocks on the Moon. A rock small enough to sit down on
doesn't look fundamentally different from one bigger than your house.
Humans also judge distance by using the relative sizes of objects. We
know how big a person is, or a tree, so the /apparent/ size of the
object can be used to estimate the distance. If we don't know how big
the object is, we can be fooled about its distance.
For an outstanding example of this, take a look at video taken during
Apollo 16
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a16/a16v.1673855.ram>.
There is a boulder in the background that looks to be about 3 or 4
meters (10-13 feet) high. About 3/4 of the way through the segment the
astronauts walk over to it. Amazingly, that boulder is the size of a
large house! Without knowing how big the rock was when we first see it,
we have no way to judge distances. That huge rock looks like a medium
sized one until we have some way to directly judge its size; in this
case, by looking at the tiny astronauts next to it. [My thanks to Bad
Reader Martin Michalak for bringing this video to my attention. My *very
special* thanks goes to Charlie Duke (yes, /the/ Charlie Duke, Apollo
astronaut and lunar lander pilot) who emailed me (!) about the
difficulty in judging distances due to not knowing the sizes of rocks.]
I will admit the Fox program had me for a while on this one; I couldn't
figure it out. But then I got a note from Bad Reader David Bailey, who
set me straight. However, the producers of the show should have talked
to some /real/ experts before saying such a silly thing as this. If they
had checked with the folks who run the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html>, for example, they would have
been set straight too.
*NEW! (February 19, 2001): * I found a site that has an animation where
the two images of the mountain are superimposed.
<http://www.hypnoide.com/moon/> You need Flash for it, but it's a great
animation. The beauty of it is that *you can see changes in the mountain
range due to parallax!*. In other words, this animation is support that
the images are real and are not using a fake backdrop. The real beauty
of this animation is that the person who put it together is an HB. I
like the irony of linking to that animation and using it to show that it
is indeed evidence that Apollo did go to the Moon. I love the web!
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The other ``identical background'' segment shows an astronaut on
a hilltop. A second video shows two astronauts on the same hill (and
this time it really is the same hill), and claims that NASA itself says
these two videos were taken on two different hills separated by many
kilometers. How can this be? They are obviously the same hill, so NASA
must be lying!
*Good:* Never attribute to malice what you can attribute to a mistake. A
videotape about Apollo 16 ironically titled ``Nothing So Hidden...''
released by NASA does indeed make that claim, but in this case it looks
to me to be a simple error. I asked Eric Jones, who is the editor of the
Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, and he told me those two clips were taken
about three minutes apart. Eric's assistant, Ken Glover, uncovered this
problem. He sent me this transcript (which I edited a bit to make links
to the video clips) of the Fox show with his comments, which I will
highlight in red:
Narrator: Background discrepancies are also apparent in the lunar
video.
[...]
[Video showing John Young at Station 4 on EVA-2, with Fox caption
"Day One". Click here
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.sta4.html> for the transcript
and here for the RealVideo clip
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16v.1444638.ram>.]
Narrator: This shot was taped in what was purported to be the first
of Apollo 16's lunar excursions.
[Audio of John Young dubbed over clip: "Well, I couldn't pick a
better spot", actual MET of 123:58:46]
[Next, video of John Young and Charlie Duke at Station 4, EVA-2. In
reality, about three minutes after the first clip. Fox caption "Day
Two". Click here <http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16.sta4.html> for
the transcript and here for the RealVideo clip
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/a16v.1445240.ram>.]
Narrator: And this video was from the next day, at a different
location.
[Audio of Charlie Duke dubbed over clip: "That is the most beautiful
sight!", actual MET of 124:03:01]
Narrator: NASA claims the second location was two-and-a-half miles
away, but when one video was superimposed over the other the
locations appear identical.
[Audio of John Young dubbed over "Day Two" video: " It's absolutely
unreal!", actual MET 144:16:30]
Narrator: Conspiracy theorists claim that even closer examination of
the photos suggest evidence of doctoring.
That last line is pretty funny. The audio you hear of the astronauts in
those clips was actually all from different times than the video!
So that's why the hill looks the same. It's the same hill, and the two
clips were not taken a day apart, but from three minutes apart or so.
Again, had the program producers bothered to check their sources, they
would have received a prompt answer. That's all I did: I emailed the
editor of the ALSJ. It was pretty easy to do, and he answered me in
minutes.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* Ralph Rene, a self-proclaimed physicist, claims that the
astronauts shifting in the cabin would change the center of mass,
throwing the lunar lander off balance. They couldn't compensate for
this, which would have crashed the lander. Thus, the landing was faked.
*Good:* Rene is wrong. Evidently he doesn't know how the internet works
either, because there is a website which describes how the attitude
control was maintained on the lander during descent and ascent; it's the
Apollo Saturn Reference page <http://www.apollosaturn.com/Lmnr/gn.htm>.
There was a feedback control system on board the lander which determined
if the axis were shifting. During descent, the engine nozzle could shift
direction slightly to compensate for changes in the center of gravity of
the lander (the technical term for this is /gimbaling/ the nozzle).
During ascent, the engine nozzle was fixed in position, so there was a
series of smaller rockets which was used to maintain the proper
attitude. Incidentally, every rocket needs to do this since fuel shifts
the center of gravity as it is burned up by the rocket, yet Rene and the
other HBs don't seem to doubt that rockets themselves work! So we have a
case of selective thinking on the part of the HBs.
[*Note (July 20, 2001):* My thanks again to Apollo astronaut Charlie
Duke for correcting a technical error in a previous version of this
section. After describing the above scenario to me, he said the ascent
stage of the lander was "a sporty ride".]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The program claims that when the top half of the lander took off
from the Moon to bring the astronauts back into orbit, there was no
flame from the rocket. Obviously, every rocket has a visible flame, so
the takeoff was faked.
*Good:* There is actually a simple reason why you cannot see the flame
from the lander when it took off. The fuels they used produced no
visible flame! The lander used a mix of hydrazine and dinitrogen
tetroxide (an oxidizer). These two chemicals ignite upon contact and
produce a product that is transparent. That's why you cannot see the
flame. We expect to see a flame because of the usual drama of liftoff
from the Earth; the flame and smoke we see from the Shuttle, for
example, is because the solid rocket boosters do actually produce them,
while the lunar lander did not. Here is a brief webpage
<http://www.abc.net.au/science/moon/rocket.htm> describing this. Note
too that fuels like this are still used today, and indeed rockets in
space produce little or no visible flame.
I heard an account (sorry, no citation; the link has since gone dead)
that the cameras used for the ascent of the lander were fairly
primitive, even for that era (this is usually the case in space travel,
where it takes extensive testing to make sure things work properly;
during that time the state of the art advances). Even if it /were/
visible, the flash of the exhaust may have easily been missed by those
cameras.
[*Note added April 9, 2001:* My original assertion about not seeing the
flame was because the Moon has no air, and we see flame from rockets on
Earth because we have an atmosphere. This does have some effect (the
pressure of air constrains the rocket exhaust and helps produce the
effect we see) but the larger reason the flame is invisible is due to
the fuel used. I gratefully thank the dozens of people who sent me email
about this.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* When the movies of the astronauts walking and driving the lunar
rover are doubled in speed, they look just like they were filmed on
Earth and slowed down. This is clearly how the movies were faked.
*Good:* This was the first new bit I have seen from the HBs, and it's
funny. To me even when sped up, the images didn't look like they were
filmed in Earth's gravity. The astronauts were sidling down a slope, and
they looked weird to me, not at all like they would on Earth. I will
admit that if wires were used, the astronauts' gait could be simulated.
However, not the rover! If you watch the clip, you will see dust thrown
up by the wheels of the rover. The dust goes up in a perfect parabolic
arc and falls back down to the surface. Again, the Moon isn't the Earth!
If this were filmed on the Earth, which has air, the dust would have
billowed up around the wheel and floated over the surface. This clearly
does not happen in the video clips; the dust goes up and right back
down. It's actually a beautiful demonstration of ballistic flight in a
vacuum. Had NASA faked this shot, they would have had to have a whole
set (which would have been /very/ large) with all the air removed. We
don't have this technology today!
This is another case of selective vision on the part of the HBs.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* When the astronauts are assembling the American flag, the flag
waves. Kaysing says this must have been from an errant breeze on the
set. A flag wouldn't wave in a vacuum.
*Good:* Of /course/ a flag can wave in a vacuum. In the shot of the
astronaut and the flag, the astronaut is rotating the pole on which the
flag is mounted, trying to get it to stay up. The flag is mounted on one
side on the pole, and along the top by another pole that sticks out to
the side. In a vacuum or not, when you whip around the vertical pole,
the flag will ``wave'', since it is attached at the top. The top will
move first, then the cloth will follow along in a wave that moves down.
This isn't air that is moving the flag, it's the cloth itself.
*New stuff added March 1, 2001:* Many HBs show a picture of an astronaut
standing to one side of the flag, which still has a ripple in it (for
example, see this famous image
<http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/html/as11_40_5874.html>).
The astronaut is not touching the flag, so how can it wave?
The answer is, it /isn't/ waving. It looks like that because of the way
the flag was deployed. The flag hangs from a horizontal rod which
telescopes out from the vertical one. In Apollo 11, they couldn't get
the rod to extend completely, so the flag didn't get stretched fully. It
has a ripple in it, like a curtain that is not fully closed. In later
flights, the astronauts didn't fully deploy it /on purpose/ because they
liked the way it looked. In other words, *the flag looks like it is
waving because the astronauts wanted it to look that way*. Ironically,
they did their job too well. It appears to have fooled a lot of people
into thinking it waved.
This explanation comes from NASA's wonderful spaceflight web page
<http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/flag/flag.htm>. For those of you who
are conspiracy minded, of course, this doesn't help because it comes
from a NASA site. But it does explain why the flag looks as it does, and
you will be hard pressed to find a video of the flag waving. And if it
was a mistake caused by a breeze on the set where they faked this whole
thing, don't you think the director would have tried for a second take?
With all the money going to the hoax, they could afford the film!
*Note added March 28, 2001:* One more thing. Several readers have
pointed out that if the flag is blowing in a breeze, why don't we see
dust blowing around too? Somehow, the HBs' argument gets weaker the more
you think about it.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* The program makes a big deal out of how well the pictures taken
from the Moon were exposed and set. Every picture we see is just right,
with the scene always centered perfectly. However, the cameras were
mounted on the front of the astronauts' spacesuit, and there was no
finder. They couldn't have taken perfect pictures every time!
*Good* ... and of course, no one claims they did. Thousands of pictures
were taken on the Moon, and the ones you see will tend to be the good
ones. If Buzz Aldrin accidentally cut off Neil Armstrong's head, you
probably won't see that image in a magazine. Also, /everything/ done on
the Moon was practiced endlessly by the astronauts. The people working
on the mission knew that these pictures would be some of the most
important images ever taken, so they would have taken particular care in
making sure the astronauts could do it cold. When fabled astronaut Story
Musgrave replaced a camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993,
someone commented that he made it look easy. "Sure," he replied, "I had
practiced it thousands of times!"
The program goes farther than this, though: they actually contacted the
man who designed the cameras for the astronauts. When they asked him why
the pictures were always perfect, he hemmed and hawed, and finally
admitted he had no answer for that. This is hardly evidence that NASA
must have faked the missions. All it means is that he couldn't think of
anything while sitting on camera! I think this is pretty evil of the
program producers to do this; a bit of editing on their part makes it
looks like they completely baffled an expert.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* Crosshairs were etched in the astronauts' cameras to better help
measure objects in the pictures. However, in several images, it looks
like the objects are actually in front of the crosshairs, which is
impossible if the crosshairs were inside the camera! Therefore, the
images were faked.
*Good:* This argument is pretty silly. Do the HBs think that NASA had
painted crosshairs on the set behind the astronauts? I heard one HB
claim the crosshairs were added later on, and NASA had messed up some of
the imaging. That's ridiculous! Why add in crosshairs later? Cameras
equipped with crosshairs have been used for a long time, and it would
have been easy to simply use some to take pictures on the faked set.
Clearly, the HBs are wrong here, but the images do look funny. What
happened?
What happened becomes clearer when you look more closely at the images.
The times it looks like an object is in front of the crosshair (because
the crosshair looks blocked by the object) is when the object
photographed is white. The crosshair is black. Have you ever taken an
image that is overexposed? White parts bleed into the film around them,
making them look white too. That's all that happened here; the white
object in the image ``fills in'' the black crosshair. It's a matter of
contrast: the crosshair becomes invisible because the white part
overwhelms the film. This is basic photography.
[*Note (added February 18, 2001):* I have been informed by David Percy,
a photographer quoted in the Fox show, that he does indeed believe that
man went to the Moon, but he believes there are anomalies in the imagery
taken which ``put into question many aspects of the missions'', which is
a different matter. While I disagree that there are anomalies, I have
edited out what is essentially a personal attack on Mr. Percy that I had
here originally. It is an easy matter to let one's emotions get carried
away when writing these essays, and I apologize to him and my readers
for letting that get in. I make it a policy to correct Bad Astronomy
based on facts, not personalities.]
[*Note added June 29, 2001*: Again, Ian Goddard's work
<http://www.iangoddard.net/moon01.htm> has more about this, including
images that show how crosshairs can fade out in a bright background.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Bad:* A big staple of the HBs is the claim that radiation in the van
Allen Belts and in deep space would have killed the astronauts in
minutes. They interview a Russian cosmonaut involved in the USSR Moon
program, who says that they were worried about going in to the unknowns
of space, and suspected that radiation would have penetrated the hull of
the spacecraft.
*Good:* Kaysing's exact words in the program are ``Any human being
traveling through the van Allen belt would have been rendered either
extremely ill or actually killed by the radiation within a short time
thereof.''
This is complete and utter nonsense. The van Allen belts are regions
above the Earth's surface where the Earth's magnetic field has trapped
particles of the solar wind. An unprotected man would indeed get a
lethal dose of radiation, /if he stayed there long enough/. Actually,
the spaceship traveled through the belts pretty quickly, getting past
them in an hour or so. There simply wasn't enough time to get a lethal
dose, and, as a matter of fact, the metal hull of the spaceship did
indeed block most of the radiation. For a detailed explanation of all
this, my fellow Mad Scientist William Wheaton has a page with the
technical data about the doses received by the astronauts
<http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/waw/mad/mad19.html>. Another
excellent page about this, that also gives a history of NASA radiation
testing, is from the Biomedical Results of Apollo
<http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/books/apollo/S2ch3.htm> site. An interesting
read!
It was also disingenuous of the program to quote the Russian cosmonaut
as well. Of course they were worried about radiation before men had gone
into the van Allen belts! But tests done by NASA showed that it was
possible to not only survive such a passage, but to not even get harmed
much by it. It looks to me like another case of convenient editing by
the producers of the program.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Very, very Bad:* Kaysing says that the Apollo 1 fire that killed Roger
Chaffee, Ed White and Gus Grissom was no accident. Grissom was ready to
talk to the press about the Moon hoax, so NASA killed him. Kaysing says
NASA also killed other people who were about to blow the whistle as well.
This is so disgusting I have a hard time writing a coherent reply.
Kaysing has no grasp of basic physics, photography or even common sense,
but he accuses NASA of killing people to shut them up. That is a
particularly loathsome accusation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The utter bilge pumped out in this program goes on and on, and indeed,
if you go to the HBs websites you can read more than any brain can
handle. I have read literally dozens of things that ``prove'' the
landings were faked, and each one is rather easily shown to be wrong by
anyone with experience in such things. I think the problem here is
twofold: we tend to want to believe (or at least listen to) conspiracy
theories, and this one is a whopper. Also, the evidence is presented in
such a way that, if you are unfamiliar with the odd nature of the vacuum
of space and of space travel, it sounds reasonable.
But it isn't reasonable. Their evidence is actually as tenuous as the
vacuum of space itself. I find it amazing that they are so willing to
scrutinize every available frame of data from the astronauts, yet miss
the most obvious thing right in front of them. Fox television and the
producers of this program should be ashamed of themselves. Even worse,
the Fox Family Channel broadcast a show just last year that was
skeptical and even handed about the Moon Hoax! Amazingly, Mitch Pileggi
hosted that program as well.
I'll end this on one more bit the HBs don't talk about. When Jim Lovell,
two time Apollo astronaut and commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13
mission, was told about Kaysing's claims, Lovell called him a kook.
Kaysing, ever the rational thinker, sued Lovell for slander. Imagine:
Kaysing, who says that NASA murdered three men outright and arranged for
the murders of others, sued Commander James Lovell for slander! After
some time, a judge wisely threw the case out of court.
There's still hope.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Links
* There are many websites about the Moon Hoax where you can read
both the theories by the HBs themselves or what reality is like as
told by people debunking the theory. I have a list of them on my
Bad Misconceptions page
<http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/apollohoax.html>.
* [*Note added February 23, 2001*: the link for the USA Today
article is now gone, so I have removed it.] Dan Vergano of USA
Today had an article (with an interview of me) about the TV show
on the USA Today website. The print version was in the Friday,
February 16th 2001 edition.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
FALLOUT FROM THE SHOW
*February 17, 2001:*
Well, the Fox Apollo show has struck a chord, it appears. I am
receiving a lot of email from people, both for and against. The
most noteworthy support was quite a surprise: NASA itself!
<http://www.nasa.gov> That explains why I am getting tens of
thousands of hits to this site. Another site linking here is
Ground Zero <http://www.clydelewis.com/>, a rather typical hoax
and conspiracy site that calls me ``an annoyed scientist'' (true
enough) and says that people call me a ``weapon for science''. I
kinda like the sound of that one!
What's funny though is how that site pulls out the same tired
arguments that are easy to show wrong, yet stands by them
dogmatically. For example, Clyde Lewis, the webmaster of the site,
shows a photo of the flag waving and asks how it can be waving; I
already showed how it can appear to wave on this page earlier. In
his image, the bottom corner of the flag is not flat, which is
most likely simply residual rippling from the astronaut's twisting
the pole. Remember, *without air*, there is nothing to dampen the
rippling, so the flag actually can appear to wave as if from a
breeze for a few moments.
This is hardly evidence of a hoax. Lewis goes on and on, bringing
out the radiation arguments, the no stars arguments, on and on,
like these are either new or damning, when they are neither.
Of course, I /am/ trying to debunk the conspiracy theorists, but
unlike them, I want people to look at their evidence rationally
and critically, and not swallow it whole. It'll choke you if you do.
Finally, one last note: If I weren't a hard-headed scientist, I'd
wonder if some cosmic force were at work sometimes. I went to a
website that creates anagrams
<http://www.wordsmith.org/anagram/advanced.html>, that is,
rearranges letters in a word to spell other words. I put in "The
Bad Astronomer", and one of the anagrams was *MOON TRASH DEBATER*.
I think that's pretty cool.
*Note added June 17, 2004*: a Bad Reader informed me that another
anagram would be *NOTED SHAM ABORTER*. I think that's appropriate
too.
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