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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-ZA link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:36.0pt'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>30 May 2012<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS REGARDING SKA SITE BID ANNOUNCEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>On 25 May 2012 the Members of the SKA Organisation announced that<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the SKA telescope would be split over Africa and Australia, with<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>a major share of the telescope destined to be built in South<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Africa. Prof Justin Jonas, Associate Director: Science and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Engineering at SKA South Africa answers some FAQs regarding the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>outcome of the SKA site bid and the future of the SKA.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>How important is the SKA site bid outcome for South Africa? What<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>does it mean for the country?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This is a very significant moment for South Africa, and Africa as<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>a whole. It is also an important milestone in the international<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>SKA project - the overall winner here is global science. For<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>South Africa and our African partner countries this represents a<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>new era, where Africa is seen as a science destination and takes<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>its place as an equal peer in global science.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What do you think differentiated South Africa's bid from<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Australia?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The higher elevation of the South African site (1000 m) is an<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>advantage for the mid-frequency telescope, hence the allocation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>of this segment of the SKA to South Africa. The SKA Site Advisory<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Committee (SSAC) report can be found at <a href="http://www.skatelescope.org"><span style='color:windowtext'>www.skatelescope.org</span></a> ( <a href="http://www.skatelescope.org"><span style='color:windowtext'>http://www.skatelescope.org</span></a> ).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Did the Astronomy Geographic Advantage (AGA) play a critical role<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>is South Africa's successful bid for the SKA?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The AGA act provides protection for all astronomy activities<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>within designated areas within the Northern Cape Province. It<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>provides long-term protection of the radio spectrum in these<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>areas, which is critical for the SKA to achieve its scientific<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>goals. The AGA act was an important factor in South African SKA<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>proposal.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>How will the SKA be split between Africa and Australia? Is this<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>feasible, given the distance between the two continents?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA consists of two quite distinct components: one working at<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>low frequencies and one working at mid frequencies. The two<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>components use very different antenna technologies and operate<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>independently. For this reason it is quite easy to separate the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>SKA into these two components, and build them on separate sites.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Even if the SKA had been allocated to one country the two<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>components would have been separated by quite a large distance.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a dual<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>site?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Firstly, there is no detriment to the science, and for Phase 1<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>there may even be advantages because of the use of existing<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>investments at both sites. Management will be slightly more<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>complicated, but the SKA Organisation is already distributed<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>across many countries. The implementation cost will inevitably be<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>higher because of some duplication of infrastructure and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>differential construction and operations costs between the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>countries, but this may be offset by greater participation and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>hence Membership contributions.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>How will be components of the SKA be split across both<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>continents?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>SKA Phase 1 (about 10% of the total SKA)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>South Africa<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>South Africa's precursor array - the 64-dish MeerKAT telescope -<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>will be integrated into Phase 1. An additional 190 mid-frequency dish-shaped antennas,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>each about 15 m high will be built.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Australia's 36-dish SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) will be integrated<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>into Phase 1. An additional 60 mid-frequency dish-shaped<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>antennas, each about 15 m high, will be built, as well as a large<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>number of small, low-frequency antennas -<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>each about 1,5 m high.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>SKA Phase 2<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>South Africa & African partners<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Telescope will extend to long baselines of 3 000 km or more<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>A total of about three thousand mid-frequency dishes, with the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>highest concentration in the Northern Cape, South Africa, but<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>some dishes in Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Kenya,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Ghana, Madagascar and Mauritius. In addition, a large number of<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>flat mid-frequency antennas, each about 60 m in diameter (number<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>to be determined).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Telescope extends over a baseline of 200 km<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Up to 10 times more of the low-frequency antennas - each about<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1,5 m high.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What about the cost? How much will each contribute? Will the cost<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>of building the telescope increase due to the split?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Capital and running costs for the SKA will come from<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>contributions from all of the Members of the SKA Organisation.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The split in costs will depend on the number of Members,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>currently eight, that join the Organisation. In the SKA Phase 1<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>era they may be a saving on costs because the split site scenario<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>allows the use of existing infrastructure on both sites. In the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Phase 2 era there will be a need to build duplicate<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>infrastructure, but the cost of this has not yet been determined<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>with any accuracy. The increase is expected to be a relatively<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>small fraction of the total cost.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What are your plans for the SKA site in South Africa? What will<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>it include?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Currently the South African SKA site is being developed for the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>MeerKAT precursor telescope. The infrastructure that is already<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>developed, and will be developed over the next few years, will be<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>used for both the MeerKAT and SKA Phase 1. This infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>includes electric power from the national grid, data connections<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>to major academic networks, and buildings to support the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>construction and operation of MeerKAT and the SKA.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What role do the international partners have in the project - how<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>do they contribute? What kind of support are you looking for from<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the international community?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA is a global project and depends fundamentally on support<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>from all of the Members of the SKA Organisation. The SKA will not<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>only consist of the antennas to the two sites, but very<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>importantly consists of a distributed network of staff,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>institutions, data networks and computing facilities located in<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the Member countries. Capital and operations costs will be<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>covered by contributions from the Members.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Who is now going to lead the SKA project?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA is a global project, and it will be managed by the SKA<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Organisation which is a company registered in the UK. All of the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Members of the Organisation will participate in the management,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>development and construction.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What is the budget for the SKA? How much will South Africa be<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>putting towards it, and how will project financing be divided<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>amongst the countries participating?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The current estimated capital cost of the SKA is 1.5 billion<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>euros. The contributions from the Members are yet to be<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>negotiated, and will depend on the number of new countries that<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>become Members of the SKA Organisation.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current Members of the SKA Organisation (May 2012):<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* Australia: Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Research<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* Canada: National Research Council<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* China: National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* Italy: National Institute for Astrophysics<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* New Zealand: Ministry of Economic Development<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* Republic of South Africa: National Research Foundation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* The Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Research<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>* United Kingdom: Science and Technology Facilities Council<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What kind of impact will the SKA have on the development of<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>science and technology in Africa?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA has already had an impact through the MeerKAT project and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the human capital development project that is managed by the SKA<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>South Africa project office. The MeerKAT has provided African<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>academia and industry with challenges that have improved their<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>competitiveness, and the human capital programme has increased<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the numbers of students taking degrees up to the PhD level in<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>physics, mathematics and engineering. Being much larger, the SKA<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>will take this to the next level.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What kind of experience does South Africa have that it can apply<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>to the SKA? Is it equipped to handle such a large, high-profile<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>and high-tech research project?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>South African industry has a long and excellent track record in<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>managing and executing large projects, both locally and abroad.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sasol is perhaps a good example of this, but there are many<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>others in the mining, defence, energy, construction and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>manufacturing sectors.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Does the SKA project create any specific opportunities for<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>increased collaboration with the other BRICS countries?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>China is already a Member of the SKA Organisation, and India has<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>a long involvement in the SKA and will likely become a Member in<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the future. Russia and Brazil have both shown interest in the<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>SKA, and may join at a later date. We are currently working very<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>closely with our Indian colleagues of high performance data<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>process and computing systems, and have engaged with Chinese<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>industry with regard to the construction of dishes.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What is so special about the Karoo region? Why build the SKA<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>there?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>It is a radio quiet region, being in a remote area with sparse<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>population and no economic activity other than low density<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>farming. It is also a dry, high plateau providing good<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>atmospheric and tropospheric conditions for mid-frequency<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>observations. Although it is remote, it is well serviced with<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>basic infrastructure such as utility grid power and roads.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What makes the SKA different from other radio telescopes?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA will be about 50 times more sensitive than any other<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>existing radio telescope. It is not fundamentally different from<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>existing instruments, but it will make use of the most advanced<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>technologies available to provide the most favourable<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>cost/performance ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What will be the main research areas of the SKA?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA science objectives are outlined at<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.skatelescope.org/the-science"><span style='color:windowtext'>www.skatelescope.org/the-science</span></a> ( <a href="http://www.skatelescope.org/the-science/"><span style='color:windowtext'>http://www.skatelescope.org/the-science/</span></a> ).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>They key science programmes are all transformational in that they<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>will provide answers to fundamental questions in physics,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>astronomy and cosmology. It will focus on addressing questions<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>that can only be answered using a radio telescope. Scientists<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>expect that the SKA will make new discoveries about the universe<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>that we had not imagined.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What will SKA actually look like?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The SKA will consist of thousands of different types of antennae<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>spread out over large areas. Some will be shaped like dishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>while others will look like flat tiles and TV antennas. Artist's<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>impressions of what the dishes will look like are available at<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://www.skatelescope.org/media-outreach/images"><span style='color:windowtext'>www.skatelescope.org/media-outreach/images</span></a> ( <a href="http://www.skatelescope.org/media-outreach/images/"><span style='color:windowtext'>http://www.skatelescope.org/media-outreach/images/</span></a> ).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Construction of the telescope is set to begin in 2016. What<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>preparations need to be made in the next four years?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The next step for the SKA is a detailed design and<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>pre-construction phase (2013 - 2015) followed by the construction<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>of SKA Phase 1 - making up about 10% of the total instrument.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Scientists should be able to use SKA Phase 1 for research by<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2020. By that time construction on SKA Phase 2 should be underway<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>(2018 - 2023) with full science operations commencing by 2024.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>What is the life expectancy of the SKA?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>At least 50 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>PHOTO DOWNLOAD: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Professor Justin Jonas, Associate Director of Science and<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Engineering, SKA South Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>http://www.ska.ac.za/images/justin_jonas.jpg<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Photo credit: Loretta <span class=SpellE>Steyn</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Press releases and statements from SKA South Africa (<a href="http://www.ska.ac.za/media/releases.php"><span style='color:windowtext'>http://www.ska.ac.za/media/releases.php</span></a> ) | Photos ( .http://www.ska.ac.za/media/visuals.php ) |<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>MeerKAT ( <a href="http://www.ska.ac.za/meerkat/index.php"><span style='color:windowtext'>http://www.ska.ac.za/meerkat/index.php</span></a> ) | SKA international - photos,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>videos, artist's impressions ( <a href="http://www.skatelescope.org"><span style='color:windowtext'>http://www.skatelescope.org</span></a> )<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Enquiries: <a href="mailto:marina@southernscience.co.za"><span style='color:windowtext'>marina@southernscience.co.za</span></a><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div></div></body></html>